Josef A. Brinckmann and Michael P. Lindenmaier
See book keywords and concepts |  The main problems are summarized as follows:
For herbal drugs or products thereof with essential oils or characteristic odors (for example, garlic), the preparation of placebos (required in double-blind studies) is practically impossible.
Each herbal drug represents a multi-component mixture in which interactions between the constituents (such as solvatization-mediating effects of the flavonoids and saponins) are to be expected [1, 2]. For herbal tea formulas, according to AMG, § 22, Abs. | | With regard to the range of indications, this development had only a limited influence, namely to provide a scientific basis for the uses of classical herbal drugs so that they are no longer determined by empiricism alone. | | In European pharmacy practice, metal boxes are satisfactory storage containers as long they are tightly-closed; for small quantities of herbal drugs (with the exception of those containing essential oil), plastic containers are also suitable, as well as tightly-closed boxes made of wood or heavy cardboard. | | As with all other medicines, herbal drugs and herbal tea formulas must comply with legal requirements and demonstrate evidence of quality, efficacy and safety. Twenty years ago, it may have been unreasonable to produce proof of efficacy, e.g. for chamomile tea, whose efficacy in treating indigestion has been confirmed for centuries. It soon became clear, however, that natural science-oriented pharmacy must accept the challenge of appropriately demonstrating efficacy and evaluating traditionally used botanical drugs based on modern criteria. |
Paula Begoun and Bryan Barron
See book keywords and concepts |  The main fragrance component of this oil is Iinalool, which can cause allergic reactions and make skin more sensitive to sunlight (Source: herbal drugs and Pharmaceuticals, Medpharm GmbH Scientific Publishers, 1994).
© Daily Moisture Lotion SPF 15 ($35 for 1.7 ounces) lacks the UVA-protecting ingredients of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, avobenzone, Tinosotb, or Mexoryl SX, and is not recommended.
© Eight Hour Cream Skin Protectant ($16for 1.7ounces) lands on many fashion magazines' "best of beauty" lists for its long-standing history and versatility. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
See book keywords and concepts |  Bisset NG: herbal drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. Medpharm Scientific Publishers, CRC Press, Stuttgart, Germany, 1994.
Bjerkenstedt L, Edman GV, Aiken RG, Mannel M. Hypericum extract LI 160 and fluoxetine in mild to moderate depression: a randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study in outpatients.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci; 255(1): 40-47. 2005.
Bladt S, Wagner H: Inhibition of MAO by fractions and constituents of hypericum extract. J Geriat Psych Neurol 7(1):57-59. 1994. | | Results of the revision of herbal drugs in the Federal Republic of Germany with a special focus on risk aspects. Z Phytother. 13; 1 16-120. 1992.
Masaki H, Sakaki S, Atsumi T, Sakurai H. Active-Oxygen Scavenging Activity of Plant Extracts. Biol Pharm Bull. 18 (1); 162-166. 1995.
Papreiter CM, Co-occurence of 2-pyrrolidineacetic acid with four isomeric tussilaginic acids in Arnica species and Tussilago farfara. In: PM 58(7):A694. 1992.
Pluta J. Studies on concentration of halogen derivatives in herbal products from various regions of Poland. Pharmazie 44; 222-224. 1989.
Ridker PM. |
Josef A. Brinckmann and Michael P. Lindenmaier
See book keywords and concepts | | Haffner/Schulz: "Normdosenta-belle" (Tables of standard doses), etc.). In quite a few books on medicinal plants, the recommended doses (in teaspoons or tablespoons), if converted to the weight of dried herb, are considerably higher than those given in the pharmacopoeias. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
See book keywords and concepts | | Chinese Traditional and herbal drugs Communications 9: 36.
Naidovich LP et al., (1976) Farmatsiya 24: 33. Subbaiah TV, Amin AH, (1967) Nature 215: 527. Ubebaba K et al., (1984) Jpn J Pharmacol 36 (Suppl): 352. Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33 (3A): 1.
Barley
Hordeum distichon description
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the polished grain without the husk.
Flower and Fruit: The spike is 7 to 15 cm long. The long form is nodding and the shorter one erect and compressed on the side that does not bear spikelets. The spike spindle is tough and loosens the spikelets when ripe. |
Josef A. Brinckmann and Michael P. Lindenmaier
See book keywords and concepts | | Adulteration: Mature tea leaves (with a lower caffeine and tannin content) are used for extract production but are also frequently encountered in low-grade tea varieties. They are difficult to recognize in batches of cut tea or tea bags. Whole and rolled green tea with a somewhat intact leaf structure is therefore preferred. The Ph. Fr. states a maximum of 2% foreign matter.
Literature
[1] E. Scholz and B. Bertram, Z. Phytother. 17,
235-250 (1995). [2] Z. Min and X. Peigen, Phytother. Res. 5,
239-240 (1991). [3] E. Teuscher, in: Hager, 5th ed, vol. 4, 628-
640 (1992).
[3a] D. Baumann, S. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
See book keywords and concepts | | Arnicae flos. herbal drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1994:83-87. Willuhn G et al., Planta Med 50 (I): 35. 1984
Widrig R, et al. Choosing between NSAID and arnica for topical treatment of hand osteoarthritis in a randomised, double-blind study. Rheumatol Int. 27(6):585-91. 2007.
Willuhn G, Leven W, Luley C. Arnikabliiten DAB 10. Untersuchung zur qualitativen und quantitativen Variability des Sesquiterepnelactongehaltes der offizinellen Arzneidroge. In: DAZ 134(42): 4077. 1994
Willuhn G, Leven W. Qualitat von Arnikazubereitungen. In: DAZ 135(21): 1939-1942. | | A rapid and semiquantitative method for the simultaneous determination of enzyme activities from glycosidases, esterases, peptidases and phosphatases in herbal drugs and other drug preparations using the API ZYM system. Abstraktband A5Ann.Congr.SocM
Murai M et al., Phenylethanoids in the herb of Planatago lanceolata and inhibitory effects on arachidonic acid-induced mouse ear edema. In: PM 61(5):479-480. 1995.
Wunderer H, Zentral und peripher wirksame Antitussiva: eine kritische Ubersicht. In: PZ 142(11):847-852. 1997. |
Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | Chinese Traditional and herbal drugs Communications 9: 36.
Naidovich LP et al, (1976) Farmatsiya 24: 33. Shapiro DK et al., Rastit Resur 19(l):84-89. 1983. Subbaiah TV, Amin AH, (1967) Nature 215: 527. Ubebaba K et al, (1984) Jpn J Pharmacol 36 (Suppl): 352. Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33 (3A): 1. Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-Ges Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl. | | Liu CX et al, (1979) Chinese Traditional and herbal drugs Communications 9: 36.
Naidovich LP et al, (1976) Farmatsiya 24: 33. Subbaiah TV, Amin AH, (1967) Nature 215: 527. Ubebaba K et al., (1984) Jpn J Pharmacol 36 (Suppl): 352. Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33 (3A): 1. Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-Ges Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl. | | Adverse Effects of herbal drugs. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997; 3:51-66.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-1994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. | | Keller K, Hansel R, Chandler RF, (eds) Adverse Effects of herbal drugs 1. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 171-178.
Kucera LS, Hermann EC Jr, (1967) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 124:865 et 874.
Leiber B, (1967) Dieskussionsbemerkung. In: Dost FH, Leiber B (Hrsg) Menthol and menthol-containing external remedies. Thieme Stuttgart 1967, S. 22.
Leicester RJ, Hunt RH, (1982) Peppermint oil to reduce solonic spasm during endoscopy. Lancet: 989.
Nash P, Gould SR, Barnardo DE, (1986) Peppermint oil does not relieve the pain of irritable bowel syndrome. Br J Clin Pract 40:292-293. | | Keller K, Hansel R, Chandler RF, (eds) Adverse Effects of herbal drugs 1. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 171-178.
Kucera LS, Hermann EC Jr, (1967) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 124:865 et 874.
Leiber B, (1967) Dieskussionsbemerkung. In: Dost FH, Leiber B (Hrsg) Menthol and menthol-containing external remedies. Thieme Stuttgart 1967, S. 22.
Leicester RJ, Hunt RH, (1982) Peppermint oil to reduce solonic spasm during endoscopy. Lancet:989.
Nash P, Gould SR, Barnardo DE, (1986) Peppermint oil does not relieve the pain of irritable bowel syndrome. Br J Clin Pract 40:292-293. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
See book keywords and concepts | | Adverse Effects of herbal drugs, vol 2. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany: 1-90. 1993b
Dombradi GA. Tumour-growth inhibiting substances of plant origin. II. The experimental animal tumour-pharmacology of arctigenin-mustard. Chemotherapy; 15:250-265. 1970
Izzo AA, Di Carlo G, Biscari D et al. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for antibacterial activity. Phytother Res; 9:281-286. 1995
Iwakami S, Wu JB, Ebizuka Y et al. Platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist contained in medicinal plants. Lignans and sesquiterpenes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo); 40:1196-1198. |
Bryan Hanson, PhD
See book keywords and concepts |  Conditions have been worked out for many of the major herbal drugs so that one can determine whether the active ingredient is present and, in some cases, whether certain adulterants or undesirable compounds are present. Recall that in order to visualize the spots in a TLC experiment, one often views the plate under ultraviolet light. This is actually a form of spectroscopy; UV light is a particular set of wavelengths, and the compounds are absorbing some of the light that hits them, giving rise to various colors. |
Amarjit S. Basra
See book keywords and concepts |  Schilcher, H.. herbal drugs in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, in L.D. Lawson and R. Bauer (eds.), Phytomedicines of Europe, American Chemical Society. Symposium Series 691, 1998.
29. Peumans, W.J., De-Ley, M., and Broehaert, W.F., 1984, An unusual lectin from stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) rhizomes, FEBS Let., 177: 99-103.
30. Wagner, H., Wilier. F, Samlleben, R., and Boos, G, 1994, Search for the antiprostatic principle of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) roots, Phytomedicine, 1: 213-214; Wagner, H., Geiger, W.N., Boos, G., and Samtleben, R. | | This interest has to be followed by modern research and development in order to explore the full medical potential of resources of Chinese traditional and herbal drugs, especially from medicinal plants.
NOTES
1. Xiao, P.G. and Fu, S.L., Pharmacologically active substances of Chinese traditional and herbal medicines, in P.G. Xiaoi (ed.), Herbs, spices, and medicinal plants (Beijing: Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, 1986), pp. 49-103; Liu, C.X. and Xiao, P.G. | | Novel standardization methods will significantly raise the medical potential and quality of Chinese traditional and herbal drugs. Utilizing DNA fingerprinting techniques and developing cutting-edge gene chip-based applications will assure standardization for the quality of botanicals and products of Chinese traditional and herb drugs. Using modern molecular biology techniques, different species of commonly used Chinese traditional drugs arc being studied to identify species-specific markers. | | The corresponding major constituents of these herbal drugs, which were used for comparison, are also given. Similar synergistic pharmacological effects have been also reported for mixed-herb formulations such as the combination of nettle, Urtica dioica, and pygeum bark, Pygeum africanum, which have a good reputation in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.38 In this case, the combination inhibits 5-a-reductase and aromatase more significantly than either herb alone. | | Source:Schilcher, H., herbal drugs in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, in L.D. Lawson and R. Bauer (eds.), Phytomedicines of Europe, American Chemical Society, Symposium Series 691, 1998, pp. 62-73.) inflammatory activity.31 Because the lectins are very stable against heat and acids and 12 |
Leslie Taylor, ND
See book keywords and concepts |  With so many studies on this important active alkaloid, it is understandable that most boldo herbal drugs sold in Europe are standardized for boldine content. | | These standardized extracts are sold as herbal drugs in Europe by prescription only; however, they are sold as over-the-counter herbal supplements in the United States.
As a digestive aid or liver detoxifier, use V2 cup of a leaf infusion one or two times daily with meals or 2-A ml of a 4:1 tincture twice daily. Or, if desired, take 1-2 g of powdered leaf in tablets or capsules twice daily. For standardized extracts, follow the label instructions. | | Keplinger's work in the 1970s and 1980s led to several extracts of cat's claw being sold in Austria and Germany as herbal drugs,2-4 as well as the filing of four U.S. patents describing extraction procedures for the immune-stimulating oxindole alkaloids.5-8 These novel oxindole alkaloids fueled worldwide interest in the medicinal properties of this valuable vine of the rainforest. Other independent researchers in Spain, France, Japan, Germany, and Peru followed Keplinger, many of them confirming his research on the immuno-stimulating alkaloids in the vine and root. |
Michael Friedman, ND
See book keywords and concepts |  Recent Advances in Chinese herbal drugs. Beijing, China: Science Press, 1991.
Chen Zelin and Chen Meifang. The Essence and Scientific Background of Tongue Diagnosis. Long Beach, CA: Oriental Healing Arts Institute, 1989.
Chen Zelin and Chen Meifang. Comprehensive Guide to Chinese Herbal Medicine. Long Beach, CA: Oriental Healing Arts Institute, 1991.
Hsu, Hong-yen. Treating Cancer with Chinese Herbs. Long Beach, CA: Oriental Healing Arts Institute, 1990.
Kikutani Toyohiko. Combined Use of Western Therapies and Chinese Medicine. Long Beach, CA: Oriental Healing Arts Institute, 1987. |
Amarjit S. Basra
See book keywords and concepts | | Level 2001:
> 400 controlled mono- and double-blind studies, of which - 80 percent were monoextract preparations ~ 20 percent were combination preparations
Major herbal drugs:
Ginkgo
Hypericum
Crataegus
Echinacea
Allium sativum
Valeriana
Piper methysticum
Sabal
Urtica
Vitex agnuscastus
Harpagophytum
Salix
Aesculus hipp.
Silybum marianum
TABLE 1.2. Examples of therapeutic equivalence of standardized plant extracts with synthetic drugs, evidenced by comparative placebo-controlled clinical studies.
Herbal extract
Chem. synth. |
Michael Friedman, ND
See book keywords and concepts | | As reported in Recent Advances in Chinese herbal drugs, an evaluation of patients with kidney yang deficiency syndrome who were not classified as suffering from hypothyroidism but were rather suffering from chronic bronchitis revealed a decreased level of T3 and T4 (average values of 102 and 8.2 respectively). Both chronic bronchitis patients not having kidney yang deficiency and normal adults had comparable levels of these hormones (147 and 9.3 respectively). |
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