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Seeds of Change: Six Plants That Transformed Mankind Henry Hobhouse See book keywords and concepts

A new form of slavery had been developed; there was a dependency upon coca leaves to which the addicts (already near-slaves in a different, tradirional sense) were made slaves a second time—to herbal drugs without which they could not work at a profit to their masters. It may be illogical to call the Amerindian mineworkers "slaves" to coca leaves when the use of the same leaves had supported the Incan and pre-Incan elite for at least a thousand years.

The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs: A Guide to Understanding and Using Herbal Medicinals Leslie Taylor, ND See book keywords and concepts

It is a common ingredient in other herbal drugs produced in Germany for rheumatic complaints and inflammatory conditions (especially for the lower urinary tract and prostate). PLANT CHEMICALS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH nettle is used against a variety of complaints such as muscular and arthritis pain, eczema, ulcers, asthma, diabetes, intestinal inflammation, nosebleeds, and rheumatism. Externally, it is used for inflammations, sciatica, wounds, and head lice. In Germany today, stinging nettle is sold as an herbal drug for prostate diseases and as a diuretic.

It is a common ingredient in other herbal drugs produced in Germany for rheumatic complaints and inflammatory conditions (especially for the lower urinary tract and prostate). In the United States, many remarkable healing properties are attributed to nettle and the leaf is utilized for different problems than the root. The leaf is used here as a diuretic, for arthritis, prostatitis, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, high blood pressure, and allergic rhinitis.

Fundamentals of Naturopathic Endocrinology Michael Friedman, ND See book keywords and concepts

Wichtl M and Bissett HG. herbal drugs & Pharmaceuticals. Portland, OR: Book Publishing Co., 1994:329-32. 22.Wilson D. A Doctor's Manual for Wilson's Syndrome. Muskega, FL: Muskega Medical Publisher, 1995. 23. Wood LC, Cooper DS, Ridgway EC. Your Thyroid. New York, NY: Lavoisier, 1995. ADRENAL HORMONE DISORDERS Dopamine, Noradrenalin and Adrenalin Metabolism to Methylated or Chrome Indole Derivatives: Two Pathways or One?

The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs: A Guide to Understanding and Using Herbal Medicinals Leslie Taylor, ND See book keywords and concepts

Samambaia extracts are now sold in Europe as herbal drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. ly focusing on their ability to treat psoriasis. In the mid-1970s, rhizome extracts of samambaia were first reported to decrease the over-growth of skin cells and skin thickening, and reduce the severity and extent of skin lesions in psoriasis patients.4 In the early 1980s, a company in Spain produced an herbal drug from a water extract of samambaia (P. leucotomos) rhizome and named it Anapsos.

Medical Herbalism: The Science Principles and Practices Of Herbal Medicine David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG See book keywords and concepts

Adverse Effects of herbal drugs, vols. 1-3. New York: Springer-Verlag 1992-97. Harborne JB, et al. Dictionary of Plant Toxins. Chichester; New York: Wiley, 1996. McGuffin M, et al., eds. American Herbal Products Associations' Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1997. Mitchell, J. Botanical Dermatology: Plants and Plant Products Injurious to the Skin. Vancouver, Canada: Greenglass, 1979.

Bisset, ed. herbal drugs herbs and food plants. In: Isaacson, Jensen, eds. The Vulnerable Brain and Environmental Risks. Vol 1. New York: Plenum Press, 1992. 14. Ibid. 15. Li F, Sun S, Wang J, Wang D. Chromatography of medicinal plants and Chinese traditional medicines. Biomedical Chromatogi-aphy 1998 Mar; 12(2):78-85. 16. Vogel G, Temme I.

Adverse Effects on herbal drugs, vol 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992. 50. Ibid. 51. Lovell CR. Plants and the Skin. Oxford, Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993. 52. Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary: A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. London; Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1993. 53. Ibid. 54. Ibid. 55. Frederich M, Dogneacute JM, Angenot L, et al. New trends in anti-malarial agents. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2002 Aug; 9(15):1435-56. 56. Harborne JB, Baxter H. Phytochemical Dictionary: A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants.

Adverse Effects of herbal drugs, vol. 1. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992. 26. Woolf A. Oxalates. Clinical Toxicology 1993; 16:1-2. 27. Anand R, et al. Antioxaluric and anticalciuric activity of lupeol derivatives. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 1995; 27:265-68. 28. Vulto AG, DeSmet PAGM. Drugs used in non-orthodox medicine. In: Dukes MNG, ed. Meylers Side Effects of Drugs, 11th edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988. 29. Ritschel WA, Brady ME, Tan HSI, et al. Pharmacokinetics of coumarin and its 7-hydroxymetabo-lites upon intravenous and peroral administration of coumarin in man.

The ABC Clinical Guide to Herbs Mark Blumenthal See book keywords and concepts

Wichtl M, Bisset N (eds.). herbal drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Stuttgart: Medpharm Scientific Publishers; 1994:182-4. Wildfeuer AT, Mayerhofer D. The effects of plant preparations on cellular functions in body defense, [in German]. Arzneimittelforschung 1994;44(3):361-6. World Health Organization (WHO). 1999. Herba Echinacea Purpureae Radix Echinacea and Radix Echinacea. WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1. Geneva: World Health Organization; 136-44; 125-35. World Health Organization. Regulatory Status of Herbal Medicines: A Worldwide Review.

Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson See book keywords and concepts

There are, however, other herbal drugs that have beneficial effects upon the heart, the most important of which are hawthorn (Crataegus) and motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca). Hawthorn has anti-arrhythmic activity, and will be discussed briefly below. There is not enough evidence available at present to justify the inclusion of motherwort. In general, however, arrhythmias are treated with isolated compounds, most of which are synthetic, although quinidine (an alkaloid from Cinchona spp.; Fig. 14.1) is still used occasionally. Ajmaline, from Rauvolfia spp.

Many of these herbal drugs have now been incorporated into the European Pharmacopoeia (Eur. Ph.) and, if so, they are marked with the European symbol ( ) and the official latin name is given. In these cases the Eur. Ph. should be consulted for definitions and analytical and quality control procedures. The information in each monograph has been taken from reputable textbooks, reviews and primary references. The textbooks are standard, well-referenced works which give more details of the herbs described. Some (e.g.

The ABC Clinical Guide to Herbs Mark Blumenthal See book keywords and concepts

Adverse Effects of herbal drugs, vol. 2. Berlin: Springs-Verlag; 1993. Deutsches Arzneibuch. Stuttgart, Germany: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag; 1999. European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. Monographs on the Medicinal Uses of Plant Drugs. Exeter, U.K.: ESCOP; various years. European Pharmacopoeia (3rd edition 1997, Supplement 2001). Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe; 2001. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1996. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, editors.

Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson See book keywords and concepts

Was it really necessary to include information on herbal drugs that were no longer prescribed by the medical profession? Was botany required in the education of pharmacists, many of whom would spend their future in busy pharmacies dispensing mainly tablets and capsules containing single chemical entities? As course revision followed course revision during the 1960s to 1980s, the inevitable happened and pharmacognosy courses were cut. Some pharmacy degree courses in the UK and USA were developed without any pharmacognosy content.

The ABC Clinical Guide to Herbs Mark Blumenthal See book keywords and concepts

In Germany, ginseng is one of the few economically important herbal drugs listed separately in the Foreign Trade Statistics. A considerable amount of ginseng is value-added (i.e., processed into finished products) in Germany, and then exported mostly to France, Italy, and Argentina (Lange and Schippmann, 1997). A recent study by the American Botanical Council's Ginseng Evaluation Program, found that the quality control regarding standardized ginseng products was reasonably consistent over five separate lots of 13 different products (Hall ^/.,2001).

Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson See book keywords and concepts

Let us return briefly to the 1950s when it seemed obvious that herbal drugs were outmoded and that their use would decline, perhaps to such an extent that they would no longer be part of the medical armamentarium. In such a climate I chose to do research in pharmacognosy. Why should I go against common sense and the generous advice so freely given by my colleagues? It was because of my fascination with the chemistry of natural substances found in plants.

If no such monograph exists the material has to comply with the general monograph for herbal drugs (Eur. Ph. 2002, 01/2002-1433). • Extraction and subsequent bulk production of pure natural products (e.g. morphine, digoxin, digitoxin, camptothecin) or a mixture of closely related ones (e.g. sennosides from Senna, aescin from horse chestnut, quilliaia saponins from soapbark) using validated, standard phytochemical techniques (chromatography, partitioning between solvents of differing polarity, precipitation, etc.).

The Constituents of Medicinal Plants: An Introduction to the Chemistry and Therapeutics of Herbal Medicine Andrew Pengelly See book keywords and concepts

Herbal Drugs and Phytopbarmaceuticals, Medpharm Pubs, Stuttgart. Bombardelli, E. and Morazzoni, P. 1995, 'Hypericum perforatum', Fitoterapia LXVI: 43-68. Brinker, E 1991, 'Inhibition of endocrine function by botanical agents IF, Journal of Naturopathic Medicine 2: 18-22. Bruneton, J. 1995, Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry Medicinal Plants, Lavoisier Pubs, Paris. Cometa, F., Nicoletti, T. M. and Pieretti, S. 1993, 'Phenylpropanoid glycosides. Distribution and pharmacological activity', Fitoterapia LXIV: 195-217. Facino, R., Carina, M., Aldini, G., Saibene, L., Pietta, P. and Mauri, P.

Herbal Drugs and Phytopbarmaceuticals, Medpharm Pubs, Stuttgart. Bruneton, J. 1995, Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry Medicinal Plants, Lavoisier Pubs, Paris. Cadenis, E. and Hochstein, P. 1992, Advances in Enzymology 65: 97-146. Cheong, H., Ryu, S. and Kim, K. 1999, 'Anti-allergic action of reveratrol and related hydroxystilbenes', Planta Medica 65: 266-268. Chrubasik, S., Eisenberg, E., Balon, E., Weinberger, T., Luzzati, R. and Conradt, C. 2000, 'Treatment of low back pain exacerbations with willow bark extract: a randomised double-blind study', American Journal of Medicine 109: 9-14.

Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson See book keywords and concepts

The more potent herbal drugs such as opium and digitalis continued to be used, not as tinctures, but as single isolated compounds: the alkaloids morphine and codeine, and the glycoside digoxin. It became far more appropriate to give patients pharmaceutical preparations, mainly in tablets and capsules, with reliable dose control, rather than plant extracts. Also at this time, the sulphonamides and antibiotics had revolutionized the treatment of infectious diseases by providing effective chemotherapy.

Death By Prescription: The Shocking Truth Behind an Overmedicated Nation Ray Strand, M.D. See book keywords and concepts

Many of our medications are the result of enhancing the pharmaceutical effect of herbal drugs as a means of developing more potent drug therapies. In fact, over the past twenty-five years, approximately 25 percent of all prescription drugs in the United States have contained active constituents obtained from plants.2 Over the past eight years, I have personally become more involved with what I call complementary medicine.

The Encyclopedia of Popular Herbs Robert S. McCaleb, Evelyn Leigh, and Krista Morien See book keywords and concepts

Technical References Bisset NG, ed. herbal drugs and Phytopharmaceu-ticals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994. Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Paris: Lavoisier, 1995. ChadhaYR, ed. TheWealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. New Delhi: Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, 1976. De Smet PAGM. Adverse Effects of herbal drugs. 2 vols. New York: Springer- Verlag, 1993. Duke J. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1988. Duke J.

Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic and Other Traditional Usage, Botany C. P. Khare See book keywords and concepts

Surveys on a state or regional basis and compilations on various plant sources of herbal drugs are available from CCRAS and CCRUM, Jawahar Lai Nehru Anusandhan Bhavan, Institutional Area, opp. D-Block, Janak Puri, New Delhi-110058. A Medico-ethno-botanical survey programme is being carried out by the Medicinal Plants Units of CCRAS, functioning at five centres, or zones, located at Bangalore, Guwahati, Jhansi, Tarikhet and Pune.

Arumbakkam, Chennai-600106, takes up cultivation of herbal plants commercially required for the production of herbal drugs. Indian Systems of Medicine Research and Training Centres in India Institute of Post-Graduate Training and Research in Ayurveda The Institute was established by the Government of India at Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar, in 1956. Being an old and reputed institute, it holds a prestigious status of excellence in Ayurveda. It has produced a number of scholars who served and are serving the country through their expertise in Ayurveda.

Rational Phytotherapy: A Reference Guide for Physicians and Pharmacists volker schulz and Rudolf Hansel See book keywords and concepts

In: De Smet PAGM, Keller K, Hansel R, Chandler RF (eds) Adverse effects of herbal drugs. Volume 1, Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 193-214.4. Wichtl M (Hrsg) (1989) Teedrogen. 2nd edition. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 10 and 26. Wiedenfeld H, Lebada R, Kopp B (1995) Pyrrolizidinalkaloide im Huflattich. Dtsch Apoth Z 135: 1037-1046. Withering W (1885) An Account of the Foxglove and Some of Its Medicinal Uses: with Practical Remarks on Dropsy and other Diseases. C. G. J. + J. Robinson, London, 1785. Reprinted in Med Class 2 (1937): 305-443.

In: De Smet PAGM, Keller K, Hansel R, Chandler RF (eds) Adverse Effects of herbal drugs 1. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York: 171-178. Brandt W (1988) Spasmolytische Wirkung atherischer Ole. In: Phytotherapie, Hippokrates Stuttgart, 77-89. Brandt W (1988) Spasmolytische Wirkung atherischer Ole. In: Phytotherapie, Hippokrates Stuttgart, 77-89- Braun JE, Rice-Evans CA (1998) Luteolin-rich artichoke extract protects low-density lipoprotein from oxidation in vitro. Free Radical Research 29: 247-255. Camilleri M (1999) Therapeutic approach to the patient with irritable bowel syndrome.

De Smet PAGM, Keller K, Hansel R, Chandler RF (1993) Adverse effects of herbal drugs. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp. 8-12. Degel J, Koster EP (1999) Odors: implicit memory and performance effects. Chem Senses 24: 317-325. Di Nardo W, Di Girolamo S, Galli A et al. (2000) Olfactory function evaluated by SPECT. Am J Rhinol 14: 57-61 Dieckmann H (1988) Untersuchungen zur Pharmakokinetik, Metabolismus und Toxikologie von Baldrianalen. Inauguraldissertation, Freie Universitat Berlin. Diego MA, Jones NA, Field T et al.

Hormann HP, Korting HC (1994) Evidence for the efficacy and safety of topical herbal drugs in dermatology: Part I: Anti-inflammatory agents. Phytomedicine 1:161-171. Hormann HP, Korting HC (1995) Allergic acute contact dermatitis due to Arnica tincture self-medication. Phytomedicine 4: 315-317. Isaac 0 (1992) Die Ringelblume. Botanik, Chemie, Pharmakologie, Toxikologie, Pharmazie und therapeutische Verwendung. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart. Jakovlev V, Isaac O, Flaskamp E (1983) Pharmakologische Untersuchungen von Kamillen-Inhalts-stoffen. VI.

There is an urgent need for pharmacologic and clinical studies to investigate the dose-dependency of the actions and efficacy of these herbal drugs. Historically, most herbal remedies for gynecologic problems were classified as em-menagogues. Hippocrates mentioned a number of herbs that were reputed to induce menstruation or increase menstrual flow. It was recognized in ancient times that regular menstruation was important in the preservation of health, and conversely a variety of ailments were attributed to the absence or irregularity of menstrual bleeding.

With the estrogens and progestins available today, there is no longer a need to use plant drugs for this indication, and indeed the risks of many herbal drugs (abortion in undetected pregnancy) would contraindicate their use. Herbal remedies continue to be of benefit in PMS, a symptom complex that commonly appears several days before the onset of menstrual bleeding. Many women experience an array of physical and behavioral symptoms that usually subside with the start of menstruation.

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